Blockchain-implemented method and system

ABSTRACT

The computer-implemented invention provides a method and corresponding system for controlling access to and/or use of an internet-enabled resource. The invention uses a distributed electronic ledger such as, for example, the Bitcoin blockchain. The resource may be an IoT device or system. Access to the resource is permitted or enabled upon provision of a cryptographic key e.g. a private key which corresponds to a public key which has been stored in memory. In one embodiment, the public key is stored in a DHT. Access to the resource is prevented or disabled by removing the public key from memory, and using a redeem script of a blockchain Transaction to spend a tokenised output of a further blockchain Transaction. The process of communicating the requisite cryptographic keys and transferring funds is performed via the blockchain. The keys are communicated as tokens in the metadata of transactions scripts. In use, when access is requested by the user, an encrypted message is sent to the resource. The message has been encrypted using the user&#39;s private key. If the resource can use the previously communicated public key to decrypt the message, access can be granted. The invention is particularly suited for use in situations where temporary access or use of the resource is to be granted eg rental scenarios.

This invention relates generally to distributed ledger technology (including blockchain related technologies), and in particular the use of a blockchain in controlling access to a resource such as, for example, a device, system, service or electronic/digital resource. The invention is particularly suited for use in providing and/or prohibiting access to internet-enabled devices. It is also suited for use in situations where temporary access to a resource is desired e.g. in rental situations. Aspects of the invention relate also to the Internet of Things (IoT). The invention may be suited for controlling an IoT device.

In this document we use the term ‘blockchain’ for the sake of convenience and ease of reference because it is currently the most widely known term in this context. The term is used herein to include all forms of electronic, computer-based distributed ledgers, including consensus-based blockchains, alt-chains, sidechains and transaction-chain technologies, permissioned and un-permissioned ledgers, shared ledgers and variations thereof.

A blockchain is an electronic ledger which is implemented as a computer-based decentralised, distributed system made up of blocks which in turn are made up of transactions. Each transaction includes at least one input and at least one output. Each block contains a hash of the previous block to that blocks become chained together to create a permanent, unalterable record of all transactions which have been written to the blockchain since its inception. Transactions contain small programs known as scripts embedded into their inputs and outputs, which specify how and by whom the outputs of the transactions can be accessed. On the Bitcoin platform, these scripts are written using a stack-based scripting language.

In order for a transaction to be written to the blockchain, it must be i) validated by the first node that receives the transaction—if the transaction is validated, the node relays it to the other nodes in the network; and ii) added to a new block built by a miner; and iii) mined, i.e. added to the public ledger of past transactions.

The most widely known application of blockchain technology is the Bitcoin ledger, although other blockchain implementations have been proposed and developed. While Bitcoin may be referred to herein for the purpose of convenience and illustration, it should be noted that the invention is not limited to use with the Bitcoin blockchain and alternative blockchain implementations fall within the scope of the invention.

Blockchain technology is most widely known for the use of cryptocurrency implementation. However, in more recent times, digital entrepreneurs have begun exploring both the use of the cryptographic security system Bitcoin is based on, and the data that can be stored on the Blockchain, to implement new systems.

One area of current interest and research is the use of the blockchain for the implementation of “smart contracts”. These are computer programs designed to automate the execution of the terms of a contract or agreement. Unlike a traditional contract which would be written in natural language, a smart contract is a machine executable program which comprises rules that can process inputs in order to produce results, which can then cause actions to be performed dependent upon those results.

Another area of blockchain-related interest is the use of ‘tokens’ (or ‘coloured coins’) to represent and transfer real-world entities via the blockchain. A potentially sensitive or secret item can be represented by the token, which has no discernable meaning or value. The token thus serves as an identifier that allows the real-world item to be referenced.

The invention also relates to the use of a blockchain-implemented mechanism to control access to a resource. This resource can be an “internet of things (IoT)” device. IoT has been described by Wikipedia as “the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data . . . . The IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure”.

The present invention is defined in the appended claims.

The invention may provide a method and/or system. It may be a control method/system. It may be a computer-implemented method/system. It may be a blockchain-implemented method/system. It may be arranged to utilise blockchain transactions. It may be arranged to utilise a blockchain protocol. The invention may be arranged to facilitate control of access to, or use of, a resource. Thus, the invention may be arranged to provide temporary control of a resource. It may be arranged to grant and/or deny access to/use of the resource.

The resource may be an internet-enabled resource. It may be an Internet-of-Things (IoT) resource. It may be a device or plurality of devices. It may be a vehicle, building or machine. The internet-enabled resource may be provided, owned, managed by a resource provider.

The invention may provide a verification or authentication method/system. The invention may involve the use of at least one cryptographic key. This may be a public/private key pair. The cryptographic key(s) may be generated using a shared secret.

The invention may be arranged to lock/unlock, enable or disable, operate or shut down or otherwise manipulate the state or functioning of the resource. The invention may be arranged to control temporary access to/use of the resource by a user. The invention may be arranged to implement a rental or hire process. At least part of the process may be implemented, defined and/or described in a contract. This may be a computer-executable smart contract.

The invention may comprise a method of controlling access to and/or use of an internet-enabled resource, comprising the step of generating a first blockchain transaction (TxB). This step may be performed by the resource controller. TxB may be generated in an incomplete form, comprising an output which includes a redeem script that comprises a token which represents a public key associated with the resource user. (The resource user may have previously provided the public key to the controller). The controller may send the incomplete transaction TxB to the resource user for modification and/or completion.

The resource user may modify or complete the first transaction (TxB) upon receipt from the controller.

The first transaction (TxB) may comprise:

-   -   i) a token representing a smart contract relating to the access         to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource; and/or     -   ii) at least one output for transferring value from a user of         the internet-enabled resource to a controller of the resource         and/or a third party.

It may also comprise the step of communicating, to the internet-enabled resource, a public key associated with the resource user. The public key may be a cryptographic key. It may form part of a public/private key pair.

It may also comprise the step of communicating, to the resource, a message or some other form of data which has been encrypted using a private key. This may be a cryptographic key. It may form part of a public/private key pair.

It may also comprise the step of allowing or preventing access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource dependent upon successful decryption of the message using said public key.

The third party may be an escrow agent. The smart contract may comprise details or conditions relating to an agreement for use of and/or access to the resource. The transfer of value may be a payment of funds such as an amount of currency. The currency may be a cryptocurrency such as, for example, Bitcoin.

The first blockchain transaction may comprise an output having a redeem script which includes a token that represents the public key associated with the resource user.

The method may also comprise the step of accessing or obtaining the public key from the token and storing it in memory. This step may be performed by the internet-enabled resource. The key may be stored in memory in, on or connected to the IoT device.

The resource user may receive the first transaction from a source. It may be received in a partially completed form. It may be received from the resource controller. The resource user may modify the first transaction by inserting one or more inputs, and/or one or more outputs.

The first transaction may be generated by the resource controller and sent to or somehow communicated to the resource user for modification. The resource user may modify the first blockchain transaction by adding at least one output to the first transaction.

The resource user may modify the first transaction such that it includes:

-   -   an input which spends a portion of cryptocurrency from another         (previous) transaction on the blockchain; and/or     -   An output that transfers a portion of cryptocurrency to a third         party, preferably wherein the output also transfers the         tokenised contract (i.e. the token that represents the         contract); and/or     -   An output that transfers a portion of cryptocurrency to the         resource controller; and/or     -   An output that transfers a portion of cryptocurrency back to the         resource user as change.

The method may comprise the step of submitting the first transaction to a blockchain network.

The encrypted message may be sent to the internet-enabled resource by the resource user. It may be sent by the user using a handheld or portable computing device e.g. a smart phone. An app may be installed on the user's (client) device for this purpose.

The method may also comprise the step of submitting a second transaction to a blockchain network, the second transaction comprising:

an output which sends a token to the resource, wherein the token represents or comprises the public key associated with the resource user, or a hash of said public key. The method may also comprise the step of removing a previously stored version of the user's public key from memory based upon the public key represented by the token of the second transaction. This may be achieved by searching for a stored version of the key provided by the token. The method may also comprise the step of detokenizing the token of the second transaction by creating a third transaction which comprises an input that spends the output of the second transaction.

The submission of the first, second and/or third transactions to the blockchain network may be automated. The time of submission may be dependent upon an instruction or setting provided within the respective transaction. This may be a CLTV instruction or mechanism, or another mechanism which is substantially functionally equivalent.

The first blockchain transaction may comprise an output for transferring a deposit payment to the resource controller. Additionally or alternatively, it may comprise an output for transferring a payment to an escrow agent.

The method may also comprise the step of storing the public key, or a reference to its location, in a storage resource. The storage resource may be a Distributed Hash Table, or memory provided in association with or accessible by the resource.

The method may also comprise the step of preventing further access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource by: removing the public key from the memory resource; and/or using a redeem script of a blockchain Transaction to spend a tokenised output of another blockchain Transaction.

The invention may provide a method for controlling access to and/or use of an internet-enabled resource. The method may comprise the step of permitting access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource upon provision of a private key which corresponds to a public key which has been stored in memory. The public key may be stored in memory which is in, on or connected to the resource. Additionally or alternatively, it may be stored in a location which is remote or distinct from the internet-enabled resource.

Additionally or alternatively, the method may comprise the step of preventing access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource by removing the public key from memory.

Additionally or alternatively, the step of preventing access and/or use may comprise using a redeem script of a second blockchain Transaction to spend a tokenised output of a first blockchain Transaction.

The invention also provides a computer-implemented system arranged to perform any embodiment of the method described above.

The invention may comprise the step of using an instruction, flag, code or opcode, or portion of computer code (which we will refer to as a ‘time lock mechanism’ for convenience) to broadcast a transaction to the blockchain network and/or specify a date and/or time when an output of the transaction can be spent. This may be achieved using, for example, the Bitcoin CheckLockTimeVerify (CLTV) operation or a functionally similar or equivalent mechanism. Additionally or alternatively, the time lock mechanism may be implemented using a suitably arranged computing agent. The transaction may be the first second and/or third Transaction. The time lock mechanism can be used to broadcast the Transaction to the blockchain network or spend the output at a specific time, e.g. when the access to or control of the resource is to be granted, denied, altered or revoked. The time-lock mechanism may be specified by a resource user, or by the resource provider or by a third party.

A system in accordance with the invention may comprise:

-   -   an internet-enabled resource; this may be an IoT device or         apparatus; and/or     -   a blockchain; and/or     -   an internet-enabled device associated with a user and arranged         to store a cryptographic key associated with the user. The         (client) device may be a portable or handheld computing device.

The client device may be a smartphone or tablet computer or laptop. The client device may be arranged to generate a public and/or private cryptographic key. It may do this using a secret value. This may be a shared secret. The client device may be arranged to execute software, such as an “app”. The app may be arranged to interact with, communicate with the resource. It may be arranged to store a cryptographic key in a secure manner. It may be arranged to use the key to encrypt a message. It may be arranged to communicate the encrypted message to the resource. This may be achieved via a wireless communication channel and/or protocol. The app may be arranged to communicate with another software resource provided on a server. The server may be operated by or for the resource provider. The server may host a web site. The web site may enable a user to register an interest in controlling, accessing and/or using the internet-enabled resource. The server-side software may be arranged to generate a smart contract. The smart contract may comprise terms and/or conditions relating to use of/access to the internet-enabled resource.

The internet-enabled resource may be arranged to generate a blockchain Transaction and provide the Transaction to a blockchain network.

Any feature described in relation to one aspect or embodiment of the invention may be equally applicable to any other aspect or embodiment of the invention. Any feature(s) described in relation to the method may also apply to the system, and vice versa.

The invention may provide a method and/or system substantially as described in the following illustrative embodiment involving a rental scenario.

These and other aspects of the present invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to, the embodiment described herein. An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, and with reference to the accompany drawings, in which:

FIG. 1a shows a system in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1b provides a flow chart showing the steps involved in the hire of a car using a system in accordance with the embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a plurality of blockchain transactions and their respective inputs/outputs which may be used to implement an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3a and 3b illustrate a first blockchain transaction which is used to enable access to an internet-enabled car.

FIG. 4 shows a second blockchain transaction which is used to remove access to the car.

FIG. 5 illustrates a third blockchain transaction which is used to control access to the car.

FIG. 6 illustrates a fourth blockchain transaction which is used to detokenize an amount of cryptocurrency used in the car hire process of the example.

The invention provides a mechanism for providing, terminating and controlling temporary access to a resource. Advantageously, it uses a blockchain protocol to allow a user with access to the Internet to interact with a resource. This could be any type of resource, but in the present example the resource is an internet-enabled hire car. The method exploits the full spectrum of transaction possibilities available in conjunction with blockchain protocols, i.e. regular (e.g. Bitcoin) transactions, smart contracts and “coloured coin” (tokenised) transactions.

For the purposes of illustration only, we provide an example in which the invention is used for vehicle rental services. Car rental services include wide-ranging services related to renting vehicles for specific time periods, ranging from a few hours to a few months. These services are often offered via websites and through online reservations and smartphone applications. Changes in customer preferences due to fast adoption of smartphone technology, coupled with fast Internet access, are one of the key factors responsible for industry growth. However, it should be noted that this example of a car hire process is not intended to be limiting. The invention is equally of benefit in other contexts and applications, where temporary access to some type of resource needs to be controlled. The underlying infrastructure described herein can be utilised for a variety of transactions where a permanent record is desired and where two or more parties wish to implement any type of access-related agreement, e.g. contracts for rent of a residential property.

The invention provides an improved access solution which is extremely convenient for users to interact with. It does not require the user (e.g. renter) to physically go to a pre-determined location in order to effect or cease access. For example, in a conventional rental situation, the renter would need to go to a rental office to collect the car or property keys, or sign a contract etc. The invention avoids this problem because it enables a computing device eg smartphone to function as the access mechanism eg car/house keys. Moreover, the invention's incorporation of a software application provides the ability to search, and it allows users to register their details.

One important aspect of the invention is that it can exploit mechanisms for broadcasting a blockchain transaction to a blockchain network and/or allowing an output to become spendable at a specified time. For example, the Bitcoin CheckLockTimeVerify (CLTV) mechanism can be used in a Transaction. With respect to the present invention, this can be advantageous as it can be used to automate execution of the contract. For example, it can be used to control when access to or use of the resource can be granted, altered or denied.

It is also important to note that the resource uses Internet of Things (IoT) devices to perform a range of possible functions such as resource-related functionality. The user's cryptographic key (PubKey) is communicated to the resource for storage thereon or therein, in order to grant access. The key is subsequently removed from the resource's memory in order to prohibit further access. The IoT device is a programmable “Blockchain IOT Device (BID)” i.e. it is an internet-enabled device which is also able to monitor, interact with and publish to a blockchain network. The invention also includes a communication protocol. In a preferred embodiment, this enables communication with the resource via a software application (app).

FIG. 1a illustrates system 100 used to implement a system 100 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention. However, the skilled person will understand that variations to system 100 are possible while still falling within the scope of the invention.

System 100 comprises:

-   -   a server 102 which hosts a website which is used by customers to         rent cars     -   a car 110 comprising an IoT device 104 which comprises a         Blockchain IoT device (BID) 106     -   a smartphone or other computing device e.g. tablet, laptop etc         108 which is configured to transmit messages to the car 110 via         the IoT device 104 using near-field communication or Bluetooth™         or any other suitable, and preferably wireless, transmission         protocol.

In this example, the “Blockchain IOT Device (BID)” is a computing Agent that is set up to execute predetermined instructions which are stored securely off-BID and accessed via cryptographic keys. By ‘off-BID’ we mean that the instructions are not provided within the BID itself, but are stored elsewhere and accessed as and when required. These instructions are selected and arranged to perform a chosen task or plurality of tasks. When executed, the instructions can control and influence the behaviour of the IOT device. The BID may reside on the IOT device itself, meaning that the BID is installed in memory provided in or on the IOT device. However, in other embodiments the BID may reside off-device and have internet connectivity to the device.

The IOT device has its own cryptographic key (as well as an IP address) so it can securely communicate and interact with other devices or DHTs, etc. Its ‘operating system’ is a simple, generic system with some embedded functionality for (at least, but not limited to):

-   -   cryptographic calculations     -   retrieving instructions from an external source (such as a DHT)     -   performing simple actions such as toggling switches (i.e. as on         the physical IOT device)

Thus, neither the IOT device or its associated BID contain their own built-in instructions and neither ‘knows’ what it does or how to do it. The BID only contains a mechanism for securely retrieving instructions from elsewhere. A BID can only perform a set of simple actions (the following are illustrative only and not limiting):

-   -   Access to its own master private and public key pair; it also         has its own (derivable) BTC address.     -   Ability to send data to an IP address or receive data from an IP         address     -   Secret Sharing protocol calculations—in a preferred embodiment         these may be embedded in machine code     -   Look up and interpret Blockchain events     -   Operate and control the physical device it is attached to (via a         standard API that is essentially just a set of switches)

The BID's incoming and outgoing communications can be encrypted using a security mechanism which enables keys to be created using shared secrets. This allows:

-   -   (i) greater security from ‘hacking’     -   (ii) simple universal software upgrade protocols     -   (iii) device agnosticism

We now describe the various phases of the car hire process using the system 100 and with reference to a chain of (Bitcoin) transactions as illustrated in FIG. 2. The rental process is described using three “phases”:

-   -   1. Phase 1: the rental agreement is set up between the         participating parties     -   2. Phase 2: access to the resource is granted i.e. the customer         uses the resource     -   3. Phase 3: access to the resource is removed because the         contract has terminated from some reason e.g. it has expired at         a certain time in accordance with the terms of the contract, or         a terminating event has taken place such as the return of a         rental vehicle.

Phase 1: Contract Set-Up

See FIGS. 1b and 2. In this example, the resource provider is the car rental company and the resource is the vehicle which has an internet-enabled computer on board. A customer (who may also be referred to as a “user” or “renter” in this example) enters the details of her order via the provider's website to indicate her desire to enter into a rental agreement with the hire company. The customer provides his/her public key to the rental company. The public key has a corresponding private key, which together form a cryptographic key pair as is known in the art. See step S100, FIG. 1 b.

In response to this, the car hire company generates a new contract. This is a machine-executable “smart contract” (hereinafter simply referred to as a “contract”). Smart contracts are known in the art. The car hire company shares the contract by publishing it in a publicly available Distributed Hash Table (DHT) in step S102, FIG. 1 b. The contract contains the terms of the car hire such as, for example, pick-up and the return times, details of the model vehicle, etc. The customer is informed of the location of the contract (or sent a copy of it) so that the customer can view the terms and conditions and decide if he/she wishes to proceed. In this example, we assume that the cost of the car rental is 10 Bitcoins (BTC).

Advantageously, registration of the contract on the DHT also allows a third party to access the document and review the terms in case of dispute. However, in some embodiments security mechanisms may be used to restrict access to the contract to authorised individuals or groups—for example, a password or some other form of authentication may be required.

Generation of Proposed Transaction TxB By Car Hire Company

The company also generates a blockchain transaction (TxB) which is sent to the customer (but not to the blockchain network). See proposed transaction TxB of FIG. 3a . In order for the rental agreement to be implemented, the renter will need to complete Transaction TxB as prepared by the rental company. The proposed transaction includes a token (or ‘coloured coin’). Herein, the terms ‘token’ and ‘coloured coin’ are used interchangeably. As is known in the art, a token can be used to convey data via a ‘regular’ blockchain transaction by including some metadata. This is achieved by including an output which provides some intrinsic value (e.g. some Bitcoins) and includes the token within the metadata of the output's locking script. In the present case, the script of Output 0 contains metadata which includes the hash of the customer's public key. The tokenised coin can be spent using a blockchain address that belongs to the rental car. Thus, the car will be able to access the customer's public key via the token when the agreement is implemented. This is shown in step 102 of FIG. 1 b.

Therefore, proposed TxB serves as confirmation of the rental company's intention to enter into the rental agreement with the renter, and also provides a way for the car to know about the renter's public key. Proposed TxB also allows the renter to view the transaction which contains a hash of her public key and an output (Output 1) which is addressed to the car.

When proposed transaction TxB is transmitted to the renter it has a single input (I₀) and a single output (O₀). The input spends the output of a previous transaction (as shown in dotted box in FIG. 2) and is signed with the digital signature of the car rental company.

The first input (I₀) of proposed blockchain transaction TxB comprises the SIGHASH flag SIGHASH_NONE|SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY which enables inputs and outputs to be added to TxB. Use of SIGHASH_NONE protects the input in that no one can change it. However, the renter is able to change the output.

The locking script for this output O₀ includes a hash of the renter's public key. The locking script contains the following:

OP_HASH160 <hash160(redeem script)> OP_EQUAL

In order to unlock output O₀ of TxB the following redeem script is required:

OP_1 <metadata hash (renter's public key)> <car's public key> OP_2

OP_CHECKMULTISIG

This metadata in the script comprises the ‘coloured coin’ which will allow the car to access the renter's public key when the set-up process has been completed.

Generation of Transaction TxB by Car Hire Company

When the car hire company submits the contract document to the DHT it also generates a new document which contains a hash of the renter's public key and shares it to the DHT. TxB′ is a blockchain transaction which includes an output having a coloured coin attached to it. See FIG. 5. The coloured coin is used to inform the escrow agent of the location of the renter's public key. This is needed for the termination phase of the rental process, as discussed below. The redeem script for TxB′ is given as:

OP_1 <metadata of hash (renter's public key)> <escrow's public key> OP_2 OP_CHECKMULTISIG.

Therefore, the escrow's public key is required to unlock TxB′ and gain access to the renter's public key.

Completion of TxB by Customer

If the customer wishes to proceed with the car hire, (s)he spends a Bitcoin (or other digital currency) that she owns from a previous transaction (TxA). See step 104, FIG. 1b and FIG. 2. We assume that the coin value of the previous output is 15BTC and the cost of the vehicle rental is 10BTC.

The renter then completes proposed TxB by adding an input (Ii) which is signed by the renter. Input 1 spends the 15 BTC from TxA (see step 104, FIG. 1b ). The renter also adds three outputs to transaction TxB which pay:

-   -   (i) one tokenised coin with an intrinsic value of 9BTC to a         multi-signature address—output1;     -   (ii) 1BTC as a deposit to the company—Output 2; and     -   (iii) 5BTC back to herself—Output 3.

The completed version of TxB is shown in FIG. 3b . Note that if TxA had an output of the same value as the cost of the car hire, no change would need to be returned to the customer.

As the contract has been registered in the DHT, the associated URI and hash number can be represented using a coloured coin within metadata in a script. This allows the transaction to be associated with the contract, and allows the contract to be referenced and accessed if security permissions permit it.

The redeem script for Output 1 of TxB is:

OP_2 <metadata contract> <renter's public key> <company's public key> <escrow's public key> OP_4 OP_CHECKMULTISIG

The two different redeem scripts for TxB's output O₀ and output O₁ are shown in FIG. 3b which provides an annotated example of Transaction TxB.

“Renter's public key” is the public key of the customer who is borrowing the car. “Car's public key” is the public key of the car which is being borrowed. “Company's public key” is the public key of the company that is facilitating the car rental. “Escrow's public key” is the public key of the escrow agent”.

The token representing the contract is a 2-of-3 multisig address that includes the renter's signature, the company's signature and the escrow agent's signature. A multi-signature transaction requires more than one signature in order for the funds to be transferred. In the present scenario, the 2-of-3 multisig mechanism is useful because it enables the renter to provide funds into the transaction with the rental company and third-party arbitrator (escrow agent) named as potential signatories. If the transaction goes smoothly, then both customer and the rental company sign the transaction, and the funds are forwarded to the rental company. If something goes wrong, they can sign a transaction to refund the customer. If they cannot agree, the escrow agent will arbitrate and provide a second signature to the party that it deems deserves it.

When TxB has been completed by the customer, it is submitted to the blockchain network. This indicates that the customer has agreed to the terms in the contract, and wishes to proceed with the care hire. The CLTV mechanism can be used to specify a time for Transaction broadcast and/or when the output can be spent.

Phase 2: Access is Enabled

In Step 106 of FIG. 1 b, the IoT device 104 uses the coloured coin from TxB's output 0 to access the renter's public key from the DHT. The location of the public key may be made available to the car via a message. The message may contain a hash indicating where the public key is located in the DHT. The IoT device 104 can then add the public key to its database of public keys corresponding to individuals who are authorised to access the car. So now the car “knows” the customer's public key. Depending upon the implementation concerned, the key may be stored in memory provided in or on the IoT device, or stored off-device in a separate location and then accessed by the device as and when required. See step 106 of FIG. 1 b.

It should be noted, however, that in other embodiments of the invention the renter's public key could be communicated to the IoT device in any other suitable manner and not necessarily via the manner described in this example.

The customer has a smartphone 108 which contains the private key which corresponds to the public key provided previously to the car rental company. The smartphone may be configured to execute an application (app) which has been downloaded and installed from the car rental company's server. The app may provide functionality which enables the customer to interact with the car rental company and/or the car. The smartphone 108 communicates a message (“unlock doors”) to the IoT device 104. The message is encrypted using the private key and can only be decrypted with the corresponding public key. See step S108 of FIG. 1 b.

The car 104 receives the encrypted message from the smartphone, and attempts to decrypt it using the public key which was stored in step 106. If the message cannot be decrypted to provide a predetermined value or code, then verification has failed and the car remains locked. Alternatively, if the message can be successfully decrypted using the previously stored public key, then verification is deemed to have succeeded and vehicle is unlocked. In this way, access to the resource is either granted or denied based on the use of cryptographic keys.

During use, the smartphone app may be used to send various types of message to the car, such as “lock”, “unlock”, “turn on lights” etc. Each of these messages are encrypted using the customer's private key and the specified task is carried out following successful decryption with the stored public key.

Phase 3: Access is Disabled

In the final phase, the period of hire comes to an end. This may be because the time period specified in the contract has run out, or because the customer no longer needs the vehicle, or some other reason. Therefore, the renter's temporary access to the car should now be revoked. When the vehicle has been returned (or termination of the rental period is somehow recognised by the company), the escrow agent generates a new blockchain transaction (TxC) which includes using the company's signature and the renter's signature. See step S112 of FIG. 1 b. The purpose of TxC is to ‘release’ the coloured coin so that the 9BTC funds can be paid to the car hire company. Transaction (TxC) is illustrated in FIG. 4.

TxC comprises two inputs as illustrated in FIG. 2. The first input (I₀) spends output O₁ from TxB. The second input (I₁) is an output from TxB′ which is illustrated in FIG. 5. TxB′ was generated, as discussed above, by the car hire company.

Upon broadcast of TxC to the blockchain network, the car hire company sends a message to the IoT device 104 in step S114. The message indicates that the hire process is completed. The message contains a hash of the renter's public key and the redeem script.

The IoT device 104 then removes, in a step S116, the renter's public key from the car's memory (or wherever else it was stored) which means that the car can no longer decrypt messages from the smartphone 108.

The BID 106 then generates a new blockchain transaction TxD in a step S118, to detokenise or convert the coloured coin generated by TxC into a “regular” Bitcoin value.

The detokenisation is performed by creating the new transaction, TxD, which has an input containing the token, and an output that does not contain the token. In order to perform the detokenization the required signature is presented to the locking script, plus a redeem script which contains the token. This can be expressed as:

HASH160 <hash of redeem script containing token> EQUAL (locking script for output of TxC)

<signature><redeem script containing token> (presented to locking script of TxC by TxD)

HASH160 <hash of signature> CHECKSIG (Output of TxD: note, this does not contain the token)

Therefore, the token has been removed by TxD.

Benefits of the present invention include (but are not limited to):

-   -   it is inherently secure by design—the blockchain (e.g. Bitcoin)         protocol requires no trusted parties;     -   as an embodiment is based on a blockchain protocol it utilises         ECDSA to prove ownership, which plays a pivotal role in         blockchain transactions.     -   the invention can exploit the CheckLockTimeVerify (CLTV)         option/setting to broadcast the transaction at a time when         access to the resource is to be granted.     -   distributed, so avoids a large single point of failure and is         not vulnerable to attack;     -   easy to manage and maintain, the Bitcoin network is         straightforward to use;     -   inexpensive; just a small transaction fee is usually expected         under the Bitcoin protocol;     -   the blockchain is global and public, and can be used at any time         by anyone with access to the Internet;     -   transparent, once data has been written to the blockchain,         anyone can see it;     -   the record is immutable; once data has been written to the         blockchain, no one can change it; and     -   privacy and anonymity is maintained, no information is available         for identification of individuals or parties.

It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be capable of designing many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed in parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claims. The word “comprising” and “comprises”, and the like, does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those listed in any claim or the specification as a whole. In the present specification, “comprises” means “includes or consists of and “comprising” means “including or consisting of”. The singular reference of an element does not exclude the plural reference of such elements and vice-versa. The invention may be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In a device claim enumerating several means, several of these means may be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. 

1. A method of controlling access to and/or use of an internet-enabled resource, comprising the steps: generating a first blockchain transaction (TxB) comprising: i) a token representing a smart contract relating to the access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource; and ii) at least one output for transferring value from a user of the internet-enabled resource to a controller of the resource and/or a third party; communicating, to the internet-enabled resource, a public key associated with the user; communicating, to the resource, a message or other data which has been encrypted using a private key; and allowing or preventing access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource dependent upon successful decryption of the message or other data using said public key.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein: the third party is an escrow agent; and/or the smart contract comprises details or conditions relating to an agreement for use of or access to the resource; and/or the transfer of value is a payment of funds such as an amount of currency.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein: the first blockchain transaction (TxB) comprises an output having a redeem script which includes a token that represents the public key associated with the user.
 4. A method according to claim 3 and comprising the step of accessing or obtaining the public key from the token and storing it in memory.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the first transaction (TxB) is generated by the resource controller and sent to the user for modification.
 6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the user modifies the first blockchain transaction by adding at least one output to the first transaction.
 7. A method according to claim 1 and comprising the step of submitting the first transaction (TxB) to a blockchain network.
 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein the data that has been encrypted is sent to the internet-enabled resource by the user, using a handheld or portable computing device.
 9. A method according to claim 1 and comprising the step of: submitting a second transaction (TxC) to a blockchain network, the second transaction comprising: an output which sends a token to the resource, wherein the token represents or comprises the public key associated with the user, or a hash of said public key.
 10. A method according to claim 9 and comprising the step of: removing a previously stored version of the user's public key from memory based upon the public key represented by the token of the second transaction (TxC).
 11. A method according to claim 9 and comprising the step of: detokenizing the token of the second transaction (TxC) by creating a third transaction (TxD) which comprises an input that spends the output of the second transaction (TxC).
 12. A method according to claim 7 wherein the submission of the first (TxB), second (TxC) and/or third (TxD) transactions to the blockchain network is automated, wherein the time of submission is dependent upon an instruction or setting provided within the respective transaction.
 13. A method according to claim 1 wherein the first blockchain transaction (TxB) comprises: an output for transferring a deposit payment to the resource controller; and/or an output for transferring a payment to an escrow agent.
 14. A method according to claim 1 and further comprising the steps of: storing the public key, or a reference to its location, in a storage resource; wherein the storage resource is a Distributed Hash Table, or memory provided in association with or accessible by the resource; and/or preventing further access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource by: removing the public key from the storage resource; and using a redeem script of a blockchain Transaction to spend a tokenised output of another blockchain Transaction.
 15. A method according to claim 1 wherein the internet-enabled resource is an IoT device.
 16. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of allowing or preventing access to and/or use of the internet-enabled resource is dependent upon verification performed by the resource, in which the resource attempts to use a stored version of the user's public key to read the data that has been encrypted.
 17. A computer-implemented system arranged to perform the method of claim
 1. 18. A system according to claim 17 wherein the system comprises: an internet-enabled resource, wherein the resource is an IoT device or apparatus; a blockchain; and an internet-enabled client device associated with a user and arranged to store a cryptographic key associated with the user, wherein the client device is a portable or handheld computing device.
 19. A system according to claim 17 wherein the internet-enabled resource is arranged to generate a blockchain Transaction and provide the Transaction to a blockchain network. 